This is the documentation of version 1.40.1. You may want the documentation of the stable version (2.0) or of the well tested 2.1 development snapshot or our homepage.

Makepp Overview

Compatible but improved replacement for make

makepp [ -e ] [ -C dir ] [ -f makefile] [ -F makefile_or_dir ] [ -j n] [ -k ] [ -m method ] [ --norc-substitution ] [ --noremake-makefiles ] [ --nowarn ] [ --percent-subdirs ] [ -q ] [ -R dir] [ --traditional-recursive-make ] [ -v ] [ --version ]

DESCRIPTION

Makepp is a build program like make that supports all the features of GNU make, but has a number of additional features to make writing makefiles much easier and to make builds much safer.

Makepp runs with any version of perl since 5.005_03. I have seen it occasionally trip over a nasty bug in perl 5.6.0 on linux which causes makepp to spit out all kinds of strange error messages, so I don't recommend running with perl 5.6.0; however, this is apparently rare so if you have 5.6.0 you might well be ok.

The following manual pages contain further information on how to use makepp:

makepp command
Command line syntax

makepp tutorial
How to write a makefile. This is mostly intended for someone with little or no experience using any implementation of make.

makepp cookbook
Quick answers to ``How do I ...?'' or ``What's the best way to ...?''

makepp build algorithm
How makepp's build algorithm differs in fundamental ways from traditional make

makepp builtin
For very simple programs, you may not need a makefile at all! These are the builtin rules that makepp knows about.

makepp rules
Specifying rules to build files

makepp variables
Using variables to simplify rules

makepp functions
Functions for text manipulation

makepp statements
Additional directives to control makepp

makepp scanning
How makepp scans for dependencies like include files

makepp signatures
How makepp decides when to rebuild files

makepp repositories
Repositories are a technique that simplifies both variant builds and keeping a central set of sources

makeppclient
This is a client/server mode with a preloaded knowledge base and thus faster build starts.

makepp extending
How you can add functions to makepp by writing your own perl code.

makepp incompatibilities
What works differently between GNU make and makepp.

makepp compatibility (available as html only)
Where and and with what version of Perl makepp works.

makepp release notes
What changed with each release.

Features

Automatic scanning for include files
Makepp scans automatically for include files. This obviates the need for tools like makedepend. Makepp's scanner works even if the included files don't exist yet but have to be built. (This is true no matter where on the include path they come from, unlike programs that depend on gcc's -MM -MG option.) Makepp has a flexible system for doing this which is based on scanning the build command; you can adapt it for other languages or build commands by writing a perl subroutine.

Better system for hierarchical builds
Makepp has a better system for handling builds involving multiple directories and multiple makefiles. The traditional technique is to have make invoke itself recursively in each directory. Depending on how complicated the interdependencies are, several recursive passes are sometimes needed. This makes the makefiles very complicated if they guarantee a correct build. The real problem is that unless dependencies are trivial (e.g., just one library file), it is almost impossible to express accurately dependencies of targets in one makefile in terms of targets from the other makefile. Unix make isn't smart enough to realize that a target in one makefile depends on a file that is a target in a lower-level makefile; it can't take build commands from the lower-level makefile while it is trying to build the target in the upper-level makefile. So the usual solution is to build everything that can be built with the lower-level makefiles, hoping that that's adequate to build everything that's needed for the upper-level makefile.

Makepp loads all the makefiles in at once, so it has no problem dealing with situations where a file in one makefile depends on a file produced by a different makefile. Makepp cd's automatically to the directory containing the makefile before executing a command from a makefile, so each makefile may be written independently without knowledge of the top-level build directory.

Makepp also can figure out where all the makefiles for the entire project are without being told, if each makefile is in the same directory as the files it is supposed to produce. This can also simplify makefiles a great deal.

For more details on building with multiple directories, see Tips for multiple directories in the makepp_cookbook manpage.

Reliable wildcards
Makefiles can use wildcards reliably, because wild cards match either files that exist, or files that do not yet exist but makepp knows how to build. So even for a program with dozens of modules, your entire makefile could simply read something like this: 
CXX = g++
CXXFLAGS = -g
 
%.o : %.c
    $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $(input) -o $(output)
 
my_program: *.o
    $(CXX) $(inputs) -o $(output)

and this will work even if none of the .o files have been built yet.

Reliable builds: remembers build command
Makepp keeps track of the build commands, so that if compilation options change, files are automatically rebuilt. This is important to guarantee correct builds. (This idea was taken from Bob Sidebothem's ``cons'' utility, which was described in the Perl Journal in 1998 and is available from CPAN.)

To illustrate why this is important, consider the following structure definition:

class ABC {
  int x;
#ifndef SPECIAL_OPTION
  int y;
#endif
  int z;
};

Now suppose you decide to turn on the SPECIAL_OPTION option by adding -DSPECIAL_OPTION to the command line. A recompilation of everything is needed, but a traditional unix make will not detect this, and will only recompile source files which have actually changed. As a result, some of your modules will be compiled with -DSPECIAL_OPTION, and others won't. After a very frustrating debugging session, you will discover that all that needs to be done is to rebuild everything. Then you will curse make and hopefully switch to an improved implementation of it, like makepp. At least, that's what I did.

As another example, suppose that you are working on a project which is pretty well debugged, so it's usually compiled with -O2. Now you run into a bug which you need to look at in the debugger. Code compiled with optimization is difficult to examine in the debugger, so you want to recompile your code so that you can look at it. If your makefile is set up to store the compiler options in the usual variables, you can just do this:

makepp CFLAGS=-g CXXFLAGS=-g

and makepp will know that the command line has changed for all the modules. Then when you've found your bug, just type

makepp

and it will be recompiled with optimization. You don't need to type make clean when you change build options.

Some makefiles (e.g., those for the linux kernel) go to incredible lengths to force recompilation when the compile command changes. With makepp, it's taken care of automatically--you don't have to do anything.

Reliable builds: exact matching of signature
By default, makepp doesn't merely ensure that all targets are newer than all dependencies; if you replace a dependency with an older file, makepp knows that it has to rebuild the target, simply because the input file has changed. This is another important feature to guarantee correct builds which was taken from the ``cons'' utility.

Smart signature calculations
Some modifications to source files do not actually require a rebuild. For example, if you just change a comment line, or if you reindent some code, there is no particular reason to force a compilation. For C/C++ compilation, makepp determines whether a file needs recompilation by computing a cryptographic checksum of the file's contents, ignoring comments and whitespace, instead of looking at the file time.

This is particularly useful if you have include files that are generated by files that change, and yet the generated include files themselves seldom change. Suppose you have a complicated yacc grammar in your program, with a build rule like this:

y.tab.c y.tab.h:
    yacc -d parser.y

Ordinarily, every time you make even a tiny change to parser.y, every file that depends on y.tab.h must be rebuilt since the file time of y.tab.h has changed. However, most changes to parser.y won't actually change the contents of y.tab.h (except possibly a comment), so all that recompilation is unnecessary.

Repositories
Makepp can automatically incorporate files from a different directory tree (the ``repository'') as needed into the current build tree. (This idea was also taken from the ``cons'' program.) This has several interesting uses:
Variant builds
Suppose you have been compiling your program with optimization on and debugging off. Now a bug crops up and you have to recompile everything with debugging enabled. Once you find the bug, however, you're going to turn debugging off and optimization back on, and with most make programs you would have to recompile all the sources again, even the ones that did not change. The procedure would look like this: 
% makepp CFLAGS=-O2                 # Compile everything.
# oops, bug discovered here
% makepp CFLAGS=-g                  # Recompiles everything again.
gdb my_program
# ... find the bug
% makepp CFLAGS=-O2                 # Recompiles everything a third time.

With makepp, you can simply cd to an empty directory, and specify your original directory as a repository. This will create new object files in the empty directory, while leaving your old object files intact. Now you can find the bug in the directory compiled with debug, fix it in your original sources, and then go back to your original directory. Now only the few files that you changed actually need to be recompiled.

The entire procedure would look like this:

% makepp CFLAGS=-O2                 # Compile everything.
# oops, bug discovered here
% mkdir debugging
% cd debugging
% makepp -R .. CFLAGS=-g            # Compile with debugging enabled, but
                                    # put objects in debugging subdir.
% gdb my_program
# ... find the bug
% cd ..                             # Back to original directory.
% makepp CFLAGS=-O2                 # Recompiles only those files
                                    # that you changed.

This can be a tremendous savings in time if there are many modules.

Development team with common sources
Suppose you have a team of developers working on a standard set of sources. Each developer is making independent changes, but doesn't need to have a copy of the whole source tree. Using makepp's repositories, you can have each developer have copies only of the files he has changed. Makepp will automatically and temporarily create symbolic links for the other files that have not been changed to the corresponding files in the repository. It can even do this for object files which exist in the repository and do not need to be recompiled in the developer's individual directory.

Automatic inference of needed .o files
Makepp can often infer exactly which objects are actually necessary without being explicitly told. If you use this feature, then if one of your source file includes xx.h, and there is a file called xx.o that makepp knows how to make, then makepp adds xx.o to the link command line. I don't use non-shared libraries now in many places where I used to, because makepp can automatically pick out the modules I need.

Correct handling of aliases for directories
Makepp won't be confused by soft links to a directory or by different relative filenames that refer to the same file. All directory paths to a file are recognized, including foo, ./foo, ../src/foo, /auto_mnt/somedisk/bob/src/foo, and /users/bob/src/foo.

Filenames with special characters
Makepp can support filenames with colons or spaces or other special characters that cause trouble for the traditional make. Just surround the filename with quotes. (See Special characters in the makepp_rules manpage for details.)

Extensible textual substutition functions
Makepp can use arbitrary perl subroutines for textual substitution in the makefile. If you know perl, you are not constrained at all by the set of makepp's builtin textual manipulation functions.

You can also simply write perl code in your makefile. Make variables are actually simply stored as perl variables, so you can manipulate them with the full power of the entire perl language.

Logging of build decisions
By default, makepp makes a file called .makepp_log that contains a description of every file that it tried to build, what rule was used to build it, what it depended on, and (if the file was rebuilt) which dependency was different. This can be extremely useful for debugging a makefile--if you're wondering why makepp decided to rebuild a file, or why it didn't, you can just look in the log file where it explains the decisions.

Improved support for parallel builds
Makepp supports parallel compilations, but (unlike other make implementations) it won't mix output from separate processes which are running simultaneously.

Synonyms for cryptic variables
Makepp supports easier-to-remember synonymns for the cryptic make variables $@, $^, and $<. See the makepp_variables manpage for details.